Tag: M.W=150-200

Choo, HJ; Ahn, JH in [Choo, Hye Jeong; Ahn, Joong-Hoon] Konkuk Univ, Bio Mol Informat Ctr, Dept Biosci & Biotechnol, Seoul 05029, South Korea published Synthesis of Three Bioactive Aromatic Compounds by Introducing Polyketide Synthase Genes into Engineered Escherichia coli in 2019, Cited 31. Name: 4-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one. The Name is 4-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 86-95-3.

Intermediates in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis can serve as substrates for the synthesis of bioactive compounds. In this study we used two intermediates in the shikimate pathway of Escherichia coli, chorismate and anthranilate, to synthesize three bioactive compounds: 4-hydroxycoumarin (4-HC), 2,4-dihydroxyquinoline (DHQ), and 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-2(1H)-quinolone (NMQ). We introduced genes for the synthesis of salicylic acid from chorismate to supply the substrate for 4-HC and the gene encoding N-methyltransferase for the synthesis of N-methylanthranilate from anthranilate. Polyketide synthases and coenzyme (Co)A ligases were tested to determine the optimal combination of genes for the synthesis of each compound. We also tested several constructs and identified the best one for increasing levels of endogenous substrates for chorismate, anthranilate, and malonyl-CoA. With the use of these strategies, 255.4 mg/L 4-HC, 753.7 mg/L DHQ, and 17.5 mg/L NMQwere synthesized. This work provides a basis for the synthesis of diverse coumarin and quinoline derivatives with potential medical applications.

Name: 4-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one. About 4-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one, If you have any questions, you can contact Choo, HJ; Ahn, JH or concate me.

Reference:
Indole alkaloid derivatives as building blocks of natural products from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus velezensis and their antibacterial and antifungal activity study,
,Preparation of Indole Containing Building Blocks for the Regiospecific Construction of Indole Appended Pyrazoles and Pyrroles

HPLC of Formula: C9H7NO2. In 2019 BIOORG CHEM published article about ACQUIRED-RESISTANCE; IN-VITRO; PROTEIN; DISCOVERY; DOCKING; PHOSPHORYLATION; ACTIVATION; PRODUCTS; QUINONES; BVD-523 in [Aly, Ashraf A.; El-Sheref, Essmat M.; Bakheet, Momtaz E. M.; Ibrahim, Mahmoud A. A.] Menia Univ, Fac Sci, Chem Dept, El Minia 61519, Egypt; [Mourad, Mai A. E.] Port Said Univ, Med Chem Dept, Fac Pharm, Port Said 42526, Egypt; [Kaoud, Tamer S.] Menia Univ, Fac Pharm, Dept Med Chem, El Minia 61519, Egypt; [Brase, Stefan] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Toxikol & Genet, Hermann von Helmholts Pl 1,Campus Nord, D-76344 Eggenstein Leopoldsha, Germany; [Brase, Stefan] Inst Toxikol & Genet, Hermann von Helmholts Pl 1,Campus Nord, D-76344 Eggenstein Leopoldsha, Germany; [Nieger, Martin] Univ Helsinki, Dept Chem, POB 55, Helsinki 00014, Finland; [Garvalov, Boyan K.] Mannhe Univ Heidelberg, Ctr Biomed & Med Technol Mannheim, Med Fac, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany; [Dalby, Kevin N.; Kaoud, Tamer S.] Univ Texas Austin, Div Chem Biol & Med Chem, Austin, TX 78712 USA in 2019, Cited 57. The Name is 4-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 86-95-3.

Approximately 60% of human cancers exhibit enhanced activity of ERK1 and ERK2, reflecting their multiple roles in tumor initiation and progression. Acquired drug resistance, especially mechanisms associated with the reactivation of the MAPK (RAF/MEK/ERK) pathway represent a major challenge to current treatments of melanoma and several other cancers. Recently, targeting ERK has evolved as a potentially attractive strategy to overcome this resistance. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of novel series of fused naphthofuro[3,2-c] quinoline-6,7,12-triones 3a-f and pyrano[3,2-c]quinoline-6,7,8,13-tetraones 5a,b and 6, as potential ERK inhibitors. New inhibitors were synthesized and identified by different spectroscopic techniques and X-ray crystallography. They were evaluated for their ability to inhibit ERK1/2 in an in vitro radioactive kinase assay. 3b and 6 inhibited ERK1 with IC50s of 0.5 and 0.19 mu M, and inhibited ERK2 with IC50s of 0.6 and 0.16 mu M respectively. Kinetic mechanism studies revealed that the inhibitors are ATP-competitive inhibitors where 6 inhibited ERK2 with a K-i of 0.09 mu M. Six of the new inhibitors were tested for their in vitro anticancer activity against the NCI-60 panel of tumor cell lines. Compound 3b and 6 were the most potent against most of the human tumor cell lines tested. Moreover, 3b and 6 inhibited the proliferation of the BRAF mutant A375 melanoma cells with IC50s of 3.7 and 0.13 mu M, respectively. In addition, they suppressed anchorage-dependent colony formation. Treatment of the A375 cell line with 3b and 6 inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK substrates p-90RSK and ELK-1 and induced apoptosis in a dose dependent manner. Finally, a molecular docking study showed the potential binding mode of 3b and 6 within the ATP catalytic binding site of ERK2.

HPLC of Formula: C9H7NO2. About 4-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one, If you have any questions, you can contact Aly, AA; El-Sheref, EM; Bakheet, MEM; Mourad, MAE; Brase, S; Ibrahim, MAA; Nieger, M; Garvalov, BK; Dalby, KN; Kaoud, TS or concate me.

Reference:
Indole alkaloid derivatives as building blocks of natural products from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus velezensis and their antibacterial and antifungal activity study,
,Preparation of Indole Containing Building Blocks for the Regiospecific Construction of Indole Appended Pyrazoles and Pyrroles

An article Host RNA quality control as a hepatitis B antiviral target WOS:000657774400001 published article about NONCANONICAL POLY(A) POLYMERASE; POLYADENYLATION SIGNAL; MOLECULAR-BIOLOGY; STEM-LOOP; VIRUS; DEGRADATION; EXOSOME; TRAMP; DECAY; TRANSCRIPTS in [Block, Timothy M.; Zhou, Tianlun] Baruch S Blumberg Inst, Doylestown, PA 18902 USA; [Young, John A. T.] F Hoffmann La Roche Ltd, Roche Innovat Ctr Basel, Roche Pharma Res & Early Dev, Basel, Switzerland; [Javanbakht, Hassan] SQZ Biotechnol, 200 Arsenal Yards Blvd,Suite 210, Watertown, MA 02472 USA; [Sofia, Michael J.] Arbutus Biopharma Inc, 701 Vet Circle, Warminster, PA 18974 USA in 2021, Cited 69. The Name is 4-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 86-95-3. Quality Control of 4-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one

Inhibition of the host RNA polyadenylating polymerases, PAPD5 and PAPD7 (PAPD5/7), with dihydroquinolizinone, a small orally available, molecule, results in a rapid and selective degradation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNA, and hence reduction in the amounts of viral gene products. DHQ, is a first in class investigational agent and could represent an entirely new category of HBV antivirals. PAPD5 and PAPD7 are noncanonical, cell specified, polyadenylating polymerases, also called terminal nucleotidyl transferases 4B and 4A (TENT4B/A), respectively. They are involved in the degradation of poor-quality cell transcripts, mostly noncoding RNAs and in the maturation of a sub-set of transcripts. They also appear to play a role in shielding some mRNA from degradation. The results of studies with DHQ, along with other recent findings, provide evidence that repression of the PAPD5/7 arm of the cell RNA quality control pathway, causes a profound (multifold) reduction rather than increase, in the amount of HBV pre-genomic, pre-core and HBsAg mRNA levels in tissue culture and animal models, as well. In this review we will briefly discuss the need for new HBV therapeutics and provide background about HBV transcription. We also discuss cellular degradation of host transcripts, as it relates to a new family of anti-HBV drugs that interfere with these processes. Finally, since HBV mRNA maturation appears to be selectively sensitive to PAPD5/7 inhibition in hepatocytes, we discuss the possibility of targeting host RNA quality control as an antiviral strategy.

About 4-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one, If you have any questions, you can contact Block, TM; Young, JAT; Javanbakht, H; Sofia, MJ; Zhou, TL or concate me.. Quality Control of 4-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one

Reference:
Indole alkaloid derivatives as building blocks of natural products from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus velezensis and their antibacterial and antifungal activity study,
,Preparation of Indole Containing Building Blocks for the Regiospecific Construction of Indole Appended Pyrazoles and Pyrroles

Authors Yamaguchi, M; Hagiwara, R; Gayama, K; Suzuki, K; Sato, Y; Konishi, H; Manabe, K in AMER CHEMICAL SOC published article about C-H ARYLATION; PHOSPHINE-LIGANDS; METAL; AMINATION; INHIBITORS; NUCLEUS; FUNCTIONALIZATION; DEAROMATIZATION; DERIVATIVES; CYCLIZATION in [Yamaguchi, Miyuki; Hagiwara, Ryoya; Gayama, Kanami; Suzuki, Kohei; Sato, Yusuke; Konishi, Hideyuki; Manabe, Kei] Univ Shizuoka, Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Shizuoka 4228526, Japan in 2020, Cited 87. Recommanded Product: 3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol. The Name is 3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 98-17-9

A palladium-dihydroxyterphenylphosphine (DHTP) catalyst was successfully applied to the direct C3-arylation of N-unsubstituted indoles with aryl chlorides, triflates, and nonaflates. This catalyst showed C3-selectivity, whereas catalysts with other structurally related ligands exhibited N1-selectivity. Complex formation between the lithium salts of the ligand and the indole is assumed to accelerate the arylation at the C3 position. Reactions using 3-alkylindoles afforded 3,3-disubstituted indolenines, which can be further converted to the corresponding indoline derivatives.

About 3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol, If you have any questions, you can contact Yamaguchi, M; Hagiwara, R; Gayama, K; Suzuki, K; Sato, Y; Konishi, H; Manabe, K or concate me.. Recommanded Product: 3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol

Reference:
Indole alkaloid derivatives as building blocks of natural products from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus velezensis and their antibacterial and antifungal activity study,
,Preparation of Indole Containing Building Blocks for the Regiospecific Construction of Indole Appended Pyrazoles and Pyrroles

An article An insight into the superior performance of ZnO@PEG nanocatalyst for the synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles under ultrasound WOS:000655645000014 published article about MULTICOMPONENT SYNTHESIS; DERIVATIVES; EFFICIENT; CATALYST; MILD in [Tabassum, Sumaiya] Surana Coll, Dept Chem, South End Rd, Basavanagudi 560004, Bengaluru, India; [Devi, Sunaja K. R.] CHRIST Deemed Univ, Dept Chem, Bengaluru 560029, India; [Govindaraju, Santhosh] CHRIST Deemed Univ, Sch Engn & Technol, Dept Sci & Humanities, Mysore Rd, Bengaluru 560074, India in 2021.0, Cited 23.0. Application In Synthesis of 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde. The Name is 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 120-14-9

The investigation presents a straightforward synthesis of fifteen 1,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazoles using ZnO@PEG nanocatalyst in ethanol via Multicomponent approach under the influence of ultrasound. The present methodology successively tolerates a variety of functional groups and offers several advantages such as excellent yields without chromatographic purification, milder reaction conditions, shorter reaction times, and the use of an environmentally benign reusable catalyst. Ecstatically, the reaction was successfully scaled to gram level ascertaining the wider applicability of ZnO@PEG nanoparticles in multicomponent reactions. (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Application In Synthesis of 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde. About 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde, If you have any questions, you can contact Tabassum, S; Devi, KRS; Govindaraju, S or concate me.

Reference:
Indole alkaloid derivatives as building blocks of natural products from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus velezensis and their antibacterial and antifungal activity study,
,Preparation of Indole Containing Building Blocks for the Regiospecific Construction of Indole Appended Pyrazoles and Pyrroles

An article Formation of furo[3,2-c]quinolone-2-carbonitriles and 4-oxo-4,5-dihydrofuro[3,2-c]quinolone-2-carboxamides from reaction of quinoline-2,4-diones with 2-[bis(methylthio)methylene]malononitrile WOS:000513256900009 published article about DERIVATIVES; INHIBITORS; FUROQUINOLINE; ALKALOIDS; MODEL in [Aly, Ashraf A.; Mohamed, Asmaa H.] Menia Univ, Fac Sci, Chem Dept, El Minia 61519, Egypt; [Ishak, Esam] Al Azhar Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Chem, Assiut, Egypt; [Ishak, Esam] Jouf Univ, Coll Sci & Arts, Dept Chem, Alquurrayate, Saudi Arabia; [Shwaky, Ahmed M.] Umm Al Qura Univ, STU, Mecca, Saudi Arabia in 2020, Cited 31. HPLC of Formula: C9H7NO2. The Name is 4-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 86-95-3

Quinoline-2,4-diones reacted with 2-[bis(methylthio)methylene]malononitrile in DMF/Et3N to produce 3-(methylthio)-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrofuro[3,2-c]quinolone-2-carbonitriles and 3-(methylthio)-4-oxo-4,5-dihydrofuro[3,2-c]quinolone-2-carboxamides in state of 2-imino-substituted 4-(methylthio)-5,6-dihydro-2H-pyrano[3,2-c]quinolone-3-carbonitriles. The structures of all new products were proved using NMR, IR, and mass spectral data. The possible mechanism for the reaction is also discussed. Graphic abstract

HPLC of Formula: C9H7NO2. About 4-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one, If you have any questions, you can contact Aly, AA; Ishak, E; Shwaky, AM; Mohamed, AH or concate me.

Reference:
Indole alkaloid derivatives as building blocks of natural products from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus velezensis and their antibacterial and antifungal activity study,
,Preparation of Indole Containing Building Blocks for the Regiospecific Construction of Indole Appended Pyrazoles and Pyrroles

An article Triethylammonium Hydrogen Sulfate [Et3NH][HSO4]-Catalyzed Rapid and Efficient Multicomponent Synthesis of Pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine and Pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine Hybrids WOS:000677481800042 published article about ONE-POT SYNTHESIS; IONIC LIQUIDS; PYRAZOLE DERIVATIVES; TEMPERATURE; SOLVENTS; DESIGN; AGENTS; ACID in [Jadhav, Chetan; Nipate, Amol; Chate, Asha; Gill, Charansingh] Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada Univ, Dept Chem, Aurangabad 431004, Maharashtra, India in 2021.0, Cited 55.0. The Name is 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 120-14-9. Quality Control of 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

An operationally simple, one-pot multicomponent reaction has been developed for the assembly of pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine and pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine derivatives (4a-4am) in excellent yields (92-94%) with high purity. The reactions were easy to perform simply by mixing of electron-rich amino heterocycles (including aminouracils and aminopyrazoles), aldehyde, and acyl acetonitrile in the presence of [Et3NH][HSO4] under solvent-free conditions. The remarkable feature of the present approach is that the ionic liquid possesses dual solvent-catalytic engineering capability. Results of this study revealed that 1 mmol of the ionic liquid catalyst under solvent-free conditions at 60 degrees C is the best reaction parameter for the construction of fused pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives in excellent yields. The present methodology showed good results under gram-scale conditions, thereby indicating its applicability in industrial as well as academic settings in the near future.

Quality Control of 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde. About 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde, If you have any questions, you can contact Jadhav, C; Nipate, A; Chate, A; Gill, C or concate me.

Reference:
Indole alkaloid derivatives as building blocks of natural products from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus velezensis and their antibacterial and antifungal activity study,
,Preparation of Indole Containing Building Blocks for the Regiospecific Construction of Indole Appended Pyrazoles and Pyrroles

Recently I am researching about FACTOR RECEPTOR KINASE; SUBSTITUTED QUINOLINONES; PYRAZOLE DERIVATIVES; POTENTIAL ANTICANCER; ERLOTINIB; CANCER; CRIZOTINIB; CHEMISTRY; ASSAY, Saw an article supported by the . Published in ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE in SAN DIEGO ,Authors: Elbastawesy, MAI; Aly, AA; Ramadan, M; Elshaier, YAMM; Youssif, BGM; Brown, AB; Abuo-Rahma, GEDA. The CAS is 86-95-3. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 4-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one. Safety of 4-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one

Two new series of diethyl 2-[2-(substituted-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-4-yl)hydrazono]-succinates 6a-g and 1-(2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazoles 7a-f have been designed and synthesized. The structures of the synthesized compounds were proved by IR, mass, NMR (2D) spectra and elemental analyses. The target compounds were evaluated for their in vitro cytotoxic activity against 60 cancer cell lines according to NCI protocol. Consequently, seven compounds were further examined against the most sensitive cell lines, leukemia CCRFCEM, and MOLT-4. 5-Amino-1-(6-bromo-2-oxo-1,2-dihydroquinolin-4-yl)-1H-pyrazole-3,4-dicarbonitrile (7f) was the most active product, with IC50= 1.35 uM and 2.42 uM against MOLT-4 and CCRF-CEM, respectively. Also, it showed a remarkable inhibitory activity compared to erlotinib on the EGFR TK with IC50 = 247.14 nM and 208.42 nM, respectively. Cell cycle analysis of MOLT-4 cells treated with 7f showed cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase (supported by Caspases, BAX and Bcl-2 studies) with a significant pro-apoptotic activity as indicated by annexin V-FITC staining. Moreover, the docking study indicated that both the pyrazole moiety and the quinolin-2-one ring showed good fitting into EGFR (PDB code: 1M17). In order to interpret SAR of the designed compounds, and provide a basis for further optimization, molecular docking of the synthesized compounds to known EGFR inhibitors was performed. The study illustrated the effect of several factors on the compounds’ activity.

About 4-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one, If you have any questions, you can contact Elbastawesy, MAI; Aly, AA; Ramadan, M; Elshaier, YAMM; Youssif, BGM; Brown, AB; Abuo-Rahma, GEDA or concate me.. Safety of 4-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one

Reference:
Indole alkaloid derivatives as building blocks of natural products from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus velezensis and their antibacterial and antifungal activity study,
,Preparation of Indole Containing Building Blocks for the Regiospecific Construction of Indole Appended Pyrazoles and Pyrroles

An article Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Functionalized Ni and Cu Nano Catalysts and Their Application in Oxidation, Oxidative Coupling and Various Multi-Component Reactions WOS:000604191500004 published article about ONE-POT SYNTHESIS; RECYCLABLE CATALYST; EFFICIENT CATALYST; 5-SUBSTITUTED 1H-TETRAZOLES; SELECTIVE OXIDATION; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; IRON-OXIDE; NANOPARTICLES; SULFIDES; COMPLEX in [Hajjami, Maryam] Bu Ali Sina Univ, Dept Organ Chem, Fac Chem, Hamadan 6517838683, Hamadan, Iran; [Sheikhaei, Shiva; Gholamian, Fatemeh; Yousofvand, Zakieh] Ilam Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Chem, POB 69315516, Ilam, Iran in 2021.0, Cited 47.0. The Name is 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 120-14-9. SDS of cas: 120-14-9

Two magnetic nano catalysts of nickel and copper, Fe3O4@SiO2@DOP-BenPyr-M(II), (M=Ni and Cu) have been synthesized. These catalysts were applied as recoverable, efficient and new heterogeneous catalysts for the high yielding and room temperature one-pot procedure of selective oxidation of sulfides to sulfoxides and oxidative coupling of thiols to disulfides. In addition, the catalytic activity of Fe3O4@SiO2@DOP-BenPyr-Ni(II) was investigated as heterogeneous nanocatalyst for synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones, 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles and polyhydroquinolines. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by FT-IR, TGA, XRD, VSM, EDX, ICP and SEM techniques. These catalysts were recovered by an external magnet and reused several times without significant loss of catalytic efficiency. [GRAPHICS] .

SDS of cas: 120-14-9. About 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde, If you have any questions, you can contact Hajjami, M; Sheikhaei, S; Gholamian, F; Yousofvand, Z or concate me.

Reference:
Indole alkaloid derivatives as building blocks of natural products from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus velezensis and their antibacterial and antifungal activity study,
,Preparation of Indole Containing Building Blocks for the Regiospecific Construction of Indole Appended Pyrazoles and Pyrroles

Recommanded Product: 4-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one. Authors Aly, AA; Hassan, AA; Mohamed, NK; Abd El-Haleem, LE; Brase, S in SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD published article about in [Aly, Ashraf A.; Hassan, Alaa A.; Mohamed, Nasr K.; Abd El-Haleem, Lamiaa E.] Menia Univ, Fac Sci, Chem Dept, El Minia 61519, Egypt; [Brase, Stefan] Karlsruhe Inst Technol, Inst Biol & Chem Syst Funct Mol Syst IBCS FMS, Eggenstein Leopoldshafen, Germany in 2020, Cited 13. The Name is 4-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one. Through research, I have a further understanding and discovery of 86-95-3

A novel series of 7,8-dichlorobenzofuro[3,2-c]quinoline-6,9,10(5H)-triones was obtained regioselectively in good yields. The products were formed by the reactions of the 4-hydroxy-2(1H)-quinolinones with 3,4,5,6-tetrachloro-1,2-benzoquinone in tetrahydrofuran as the solvent. Infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance (two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance), mass spectra and elemental analysis were used to elucidate the structures of new compounds.

Recommanded Product: 4-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one. About 4-Hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one, If you have any questions, you can contact Aly, AA; Hassan, AA; Mohamed, NK; Abd El-Haleem, LE; Brase, S or concate me.

Reference:
Indole alkaloid derivatives as building blocks of natural products from Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus velezensis and their antibacterial and antifungal activity study,
,Preparation of Indole Containing Building Blocks for the Regiospecific Construction of Indole Appended Pyrazoles and Pyrroles